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对孔子的人生之道的理解

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对孔子的人生之道的理解
昆明理工大学应用技术学院    高丽冬
 
摘要:在《论语·为政》中,子曰:“吾十有五而志于学,三十而立,四是不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲,不逾矩。”这是对于自己的一生的总结的概括。是对自己对人生的了解和大悟。在若干前年的历史岁月中,许多著名的学者和大师都对孔子的话进行了深刻的研究。
关键词:天命   耳顺   不惑
古往今来,光阴之叹是我们看到最多的感慨。这种感慨在《论语》中也不例外,“子在川上曰:逝者如斯夫。”人生有限,自然永恒,在这天幽幽,物序流转中,每个人都是一个转瞬既逝的渺小生命。孔夫子恰五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲,不逾矩。随着着几年我国“国学热”,我国的许多学者开始重新去解读《论语》,去找出我国大的思想家、教育家对人生的真正的理解,去认识人生的真谛。在如今物欲横流的时代,用我们优秀的传统文化来教育我们,去找回我们社会真正的价值。
一、对《论语·为政》的几种解释
于曰:“吾十有五而志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲,不逾矩,”有这样的一种理解,孔子15岁懂得了天命,60岁能顺从天命,70岁心里怎么想就怎样做,都不会越出周礼的规范。(见1974年中华书局内部发行之《论语·批注》)
另一个则引用黑格尔之“正、反、和”的概念,认为“十有五”之前,看待一切事物都是光明的:“十有五”之后至二十岁左右,进入所谓“愤青”阶段,再看事物就觉得一切都惨淡;而到了三十岁的时候,则是人生“和”的阶段,所谓特指到了在自己的心灵起自信的年纪。
杨佰峻“对《论语》的每一字,每一词做过研究,”“尽可能地弄清《论语》本文每字每词的涵义,”在洗基础上著有《〈论语〉译注》(中华书局1974年第2版)。其译文是:孔子说:“我十五岁,有志于学问;三十岁,懂礼仪说话做事做有把握;四十岁,掌握了各种知识,不致迷惑;五十岁,得知天命六十,一听别人言语,便可以识别真假,判明是非;到了七十岁,便随心所欲,任何余兴不越出规矩。”对此译文他有些有些说明:关于“而立”,《泰佰篇》说:“立于礼。”《季氏篇》又说:“不学礼,无以立”。因之添文“懂得礼仪”几个字。“立”是站立的意思,这里是“站得住”的意思,为求上下文的流畅意译为“遇事有把握”,.
冯友兰在《中国哲学史新编》(人民出版社1998年版)中认为这段话(吾十有五而志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲,不逾矩。)是孔子一生精神生活的几个主要阶段的概括,其注释的大意是:15岁志于学就是‘志于道’以求得到他所理想的道路品质‘仁’;“而立”的“所谓立就是学礼已达到一定的程度”,即“视、听、言、动,都可以循规蹈矩,不至于违反周礼,可以站得住,这就是‘立’”;40岁之所以不迷惑,在于“知人”既“对于人之所以为人有所理解,有所体会。这就是人对于自己的自觉,就可以‘不惑’”;50岁知道“天命”,而“‘天命’是上帝的命令”,所谓“知天命”,就是懂得一方面天命决定自然界的变化,也决定人的生死,贫富,成败;但天本身则无言,所以必人力尽后,方知命为任何,号一方面,人的道德品质“是人的自己努力所决定的,与天命完全无关”;关于“耳胜”,据近人研究,“耳”字就是“而已”,所以,六十而耳顺已顺,“联系上文,就是顺天命”70岁的时候,“能随心所欲而自然不越过规矩”,这个规矩“就是礼的矩,就是天命的矩,这次还是30岁时的样子,其实不然,“因为经过了不惑,短天命,顺天命三个降价,他的    规蹈短完全是出于自然,没有一点勉强造作”“这就是他的精神完全达到自学的程度”。
二、对几种解释的分析
上述几位的解释有同亦有异,而且各自对于自己之所以如此解释都有相当的证据,众所周知,《论语》是语录组成的,若要确证每段话录的本义,领悟还原其具体的话境,必要条件之一,是对对话双方的经历、关系、对话的主题和背景有确切的把握。由于无法完全还原具体话境,因而对同一段的不同释义在所难免,只有“子曰”而没有对话者,对话的主题,对话的时间和地点,因此我们虽然可以知道这段话的总体意思是表达了孔子对人生如何实现自由境界的观点,但是如果对话是在不同的对话者,对话的主题,对话的时间和地点展开的,其本义就会有相当大的差别。比如,这段话是孔子在70岁以前和弟子讲的,对话的主题是何为人生正确只路,那么其涵义无疑是指向“应然”既应当怎样的;如果是在70岁以后讲的,对话者和对话主题没有变,那么其涵义就是既有“应然”又有“突然”,既不仅是对自己实际走过的人生道路的总结,从普通的意义上向人们指出应该任何规矩人生。仅仅时间的不同,就可以得其涵义有这样的差别。假如对话者和对话主题不同,显然这段话的也是会有所不同的。
有的学习认为孔子的意思是:修炼到了一定程度,六十的时候就已经能听进行任何的意见,接受任何的批评,而七十时的道德修养已经达到了相当高的地位,修炼到了天人合一的境界,能够随心所欲的做事,而不会犯错误,因此就能做到“从心所欲,不喻矩”.孔子本人并不是一官僚,而是一个文化大家,是著名的大教育家与思想家。“学而时习之,不亦乐乎?人不知温,不亦君子乎?”就是孔子脍炙人口的千古绝句,而且被列在<<论语>>的首位.一生以“仁爱”,“礼仪”思想传播于天下,自称“吾少也贱,故能多鄙事”,他一生流离,遭人冷淡,但始终“笃信好学,守死善道”,不仅自己“废寝忘食、    不知老之将至”,还主张“学而不厌,诲人不倦”。孔子一生监守并倡导“学如犹恐失之”,“敏而好学,不耻下问”的学习精神。他甚至更早于古希腊哲学苏格拉底提出“自知自己无知”的命题,他说:“我非生而知之者。好古,求知者有。”即便如此,他还上认为自己“吾有知乎哉?无知也·有鄙夫问我,空空如也。我叩其两端而歇焉。”不仅承认的无知,还举例说对夫的提问都不知所以然。难道这样一位谦虚、智慧的学者会否认知识教育值的作用,落入到了故步自封,自高自大的地步吗?那样理解孔子的,<<论语·为政>>有失偏频.
三、对〈〈论语·为政〉〉的几点初浅的理解
儒家的圣人孔子说自己“吾十有五而志与学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而知耳顺,七十而从心所欲不逾矩”。这是孔子一生的探索和实现人生价值的过程。十五岁立志于“学”,他说的“学”跟今天大多数人理解的“学”就是学一些知识技能,学一些谋生的本事。其实这只是“学”的缩小的一部分。孔子说的“学”是探索人真谛,这才是真正的“学”。通过十五年的努力,孔子“三十而立”,找到了人生最坚实的立足点。“立”是一件不简单的事,我们现在大部分人不但三十岁没办法“立”,四十、五十至终身没找到人生立足点的多得很。所以现在经常听说一些有钱有势的富翁                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               或者受大众追捧的影星跳楼,大家都羡慕那些富翁和影星,觉得他们又有钱又有名,又有人追捧,应该是很幸福吧!结果他们跳楼了,弄得大家很难理解。实际上很容易理解,他们虽然有名有钱,有人追捧,但没有“立”。三十而立的这个“立”字,首先是内在的立,然后才是在社会坐标上找到自己的位置。从内在的心灵独立这个意义上来讲,有真正好学习,是把一切学习用于自我,为我所用。这就像泰山上的一副对联,叫做“海到尽头天做岸,山登绝顶我为峰”。这是中国人对于山川的一种感受,它讲的不是征服,而是山川对自我的提开。就像大海到才尽心,次苍天为崖,对自己是种拓展,人登上山蛮的顶峰,并不是说我提高山路在脚下,而是说我站在山顶,高山提开了我的高度,不知道“财,色、名、食、睡”这个井框之外,生命还有更重要的价值。所以当他们的世间追求满足以后,就会感到生命空虚无聊,他们没找到生命的坚实立足点,所以走向极端。
孔子“三十而立”以后再用十年的功夫,到了四十岁,就有了很高的人生智慧,所以就说:“四十而惑”在现代社会,四十岁以下的中年人,上有老下有小,工作上城为骨干,压力又非常大,怎样才能做到内心不慎惑呢?一个人在三十岁以前用加法生活的,不断地从这个世界上悼念他所需要的东西,比如经验,财富,情感,名誉等,但是物质的东西越多,人就越容易迷惑,三十以后,就要开始学着用减法生活了,也就是要学会舍弃那些不是你心灵真正需要的东西,要学习舍弃不是你真正需要的东西,拒绝做不想做的事情,当敢于舍弃,知道如何舍弃的时候,人才真正接近不惑的状态。
孔子所说的:“五十而知天使”,关键在于“知”字孔子认为,君子应更看重在自已的内心,建立一种对大道的信仰和追求,这个大道就是天命,当自己能够客观认识命运中的穷与通,人世间的好与坏,知道这一切都很自然,那么你就能理性把握,平静应对,内心会有一种淡定的力量去应对外界。基本上可以做到不怨天,不尤人,不为外物所动了,孔子称自己“五十而知天命”,知天命,即认识自己发展变化的规律,是他这个时期的重要思想收获。
当自己的内心有了巨大的定力之后,就到了孔子说的“六十而耳顺”,此时,你能最大限度地尊重他人,理解任何一个事情存在的道理,虚心倾听各种声音,并站在别人的出发点上去了解他为什么这样说,从而实现理解和包容,七十岁的时候,孔子“从心所欲不逾短,”他心里一切处自由自在,对一切处中规中矩,他内心已经纯善无恶,这是“道只戒”的功夫,“从心所欲不逾矩”,这七个字说了两方面,从心所欲是真正尊重生命个体,听从自己内心的声音,不逾矩是尊重社会规则,不超越规矩法度,能够尊重他人,
四、结语
现在我们社会处于道德价值错位的时期,我们要认真去找回优秀的传统文化,用儒家的思想熏陶我们,去教育我们的后人,让社会多一些和谐的音符,少一些不安与焦躁,多一份淡定从容。

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